"broken" knee...

argh. Bailed.

Knocked onto the stone wall at JRE. Ouch. The bone looks as though it's broken. Swelling damn big. Oh pain.

Sad lah... but nvm. congrats to murdok and jawn accomplish their jump in Bukit Gombak. awesome!

PAin

Pain pain pain...

1st 3 words when I woke up... dunno why. Something like stitch but not stitch.

Anyway yesterday had a great fun with murdok, shino, frinch, plod, nazir, hakeem n fagan at sentosa... yah. They did pretty cool stuff like backflips, aerials etc. Nice. Hope to master tricking but my cartwheel still sucks thou.

Btw getting prepared for jam @ jurong tmr. Ahh,..

Muscle Cramps...

Climbing up to 28th floor and jumping down repeatedly non stop. Result: Muscle cramps.

OUCH. Painful sia.

Not funny. I had been loitering on the roof for few days le. Overcame fear of heights... but just imagine if I am daring to jump 28 storeys down. Can really die. Harmful. Corrosive.
Reactive. Addictive.

I should not bully my soul. I should not bully myself.

Vertigo

To jump or not to jump?

Had wanted to be a big dropper... (lolx? sounds wierd?)

But there's always a problem. I still have phobia of heights. Overcoming my fear will be one of my biggest accomplishments...

Actually, since young, I dared not use the overhead bridge... (almost fell off once)... Only until secondary school days then I overcame my fear....

And now... greatest challenge. I have to overcome my fear, jumping 3 metres down. And also nest step: try Bukit Gombak gap (2m wide, 5m deep) This will be my maiden jump at such a height. Hope it never fails. Problem is... will I ever going to try?

PK Exploration Day

OK... went to BB Blk 395 area just now (recommended by amir)...

Can jump is can jump... but after landing, you have to overcome a small gap and jump onto the ground floor 3m down. (btw i did not attempt the jump as i had a heavy bag with me.)

Another interesting finding...
There's a water pump area nearby. You have to access from a narrow staircase. The main staircase will not lead you there. Can practise drops and cat leaps and balance.

The MSCP nearby is another good pk spot =) Can try to do vaults at the railings and some wall climbing

The estate around also has gaps (if you drop, you will land onto a "canal"... only about 50cm deep). Playground are there to relax and play also =P (Blk 383 - 385 area)

OK. Overall.... nice. cool sh^t!

Then spent one hour of travel time to Punggol to explore.

Punggol Plaza nothing much except for railings. Cant get to roof as it is restricted.

Blk 293 area... still ok. But then not as good as just now at Bukit Batok.

Overall... BB - new found land of pk.

~ 115th post ~

Big Drops...

Today did a lot of drops in Cheng San CC...

Sianz. Other frens went to play bball there. Had nothing to do. Explored around. Did Lazy, Speed, Turn Vaults + underbar there... woohoo shiok. Cat leap cannot do due to the railings which suck really. Then did some drops about 1.8m. WOOHOO SHIOK MAN! SHIOK SHIOK!

Yeah... tired then grab some drinks and played dai dee with the rest. Later went home... Home area did some tic tac... =)

AND now leg muscles a lil pain... but shiok.

JC Direct admission...

Press Release from MOE's Website:
_______________________________

DIRECT ADMISSION EXERCISE 2005 FOR JC1 AND EQUIVALENT LEVEL In line with the move to provide greater flexibility and options at the pre-university level, Government and Government-aided junior colleges (JCs) [1] will be admitting up to 10% of their 2006 JC1 intake using school-based criteria under the Direct School Admission Exercise (DSA – JC Exercise 2005). The 3 independent institutions offering pre-university programmes [2] will have the flexibility to admit up to 20% of their intake using school-based criteria. Student Selection 2 Each institution will admit students according to its own merit-based admission criteria, which are available on the websites of the institutions. (Please refer to Annex A) 3 The DSA – JC Exercise will be conducted prior to the annual Provisional Pre-U One Admission Exercise (PAE). Students admitted via the DSA – JC Exercise will not take part in the Provisional Admission Exercise (PAE) and Joint Admissions Exercise (JAE), as long as they meet the criteria for admission to a JC. The eligibility criteria for admission to JC are attached in Annex B. Direct School Admission - JC Exercise 4 The exercise will be conducted in 2 phases as follows: a. Phase 1[3] : 30 May 05 – 20 Jul 05 (All Institutions) b. Phase 2 : 18 Jul 05 – 29 Jul 05 (All except the 6 institutions stated in Footnote 3) c. The phases comprises the following stages: i. Phase 1 1. Offer Stage: 30 May 05 – 12 Jul 05 2. Acceptance Stage: 13 Jul 05 – 15 Jul 05 3. Cooling-Off Stage: 18 Jul 05 – 20 Jul 05 ii. Phase 2 1. Offer Stage: 18 Jul 05 – 26 Jul 05 2. Acceptance Stage: 27 Jul 05 – 29 Jul 05 5 De tails on these stages are as follows: a. Offer Stage: Institutions may shortlist and make Confirmed Offers to selected students anytime during this stage. b. Acceptance Stage: A student given a Confirmed Offer is guaranteed a place in the institution if he/she accepts the offer during this stage, as long as he/she is able to meet the eligibility criteria for JC admission. c. Cooling-Off Stage: Students may cancel their Phase 1 acceptances during this stage, if they wish to accept a Phase 2 offer. 6 Please refer to Annex C for the summary schedule of DSA – JC Exercise 2005. Other General Points 7 Students who wish to apply for elective programmes (e.g. Language Elective Programmes, Humanities Programme) should do so directly at the institutions. Students should check which elective programmes are offered by each institution. 8 When a student accepts a Confirmed Offer, he is required to complete two copies of the DSA – JC Acceptance Form, which come with the Confirmed Offer, and bring them to the institution for endorsement. The institution will retain a copy, while the student will retain another copy (duly endorsed by the institution) for reference. 9 Each student is allowed to accept only one Confirmed Offer at any one time. If a student is found to have accepted more than one Confirmed Offer, he will be disqualified from the DSA – JC Exercise 2005. 10 I f any student wishes to change his mind after having accepted a Confirmed Offer from an institution, he must cancel his earlier acceptance by formally submitting a Cancellation Form at the MOE Customer Service Centre at 1 North Buona Vista Drive, Singapore138675. 11 Students who have previously accepted a DSA – JC offer but who would like to be posted in either the PAE or JAE may withdraw before 5 Aug 2005 at the MOE Customer Service Centre. 12 More information regarding the DSA – JC Exercise 2005 will be available on the MOE website (http://www.moe.gov.sg). Additional information on the specific admission criteria for each school is available on the respective schools’ websites. [1] Anderson Junior College, Anglo-Chinese Junior College, Catholic Junior College, Innova Junior College, Jurong Junior College, Meridian Junior College, Nanyang Junior College, National Junior College, Pioneer Junior College, Serangoon Junior College, St Andrew’s Junior College, Tampines Junior College, Temasek Junior College, Victoria Junior College and Yishun Junior College. [2] Anglo Chinese School (Independent), Hwa Chong Institution, and Raffles Junior College. [3] The following 6 Institutions will only participate in Phase 1 of the DSA-JC Exercise: a. Anglo Chinese School(Independent) b. Hwa Chong Institution c. National Junior College d. Raffles Junior College e. Temasek Junior College f. Victoria Junior College

_______________________________

OK... This hot news was discussed during the Chem lesson. Majority of my classmates are now considering to go for Direct admission... BUT WHAT FOR? I dont believe in securing a seat in JC and go in. I only believe in true talents and results and enter. Dont forget there are a lot of people vieing for seats in JCs through this direct admission thing...

Anyway, what's the purpose of going into top JCs? What's the difference?

KFC hires staff who are inflexible...

News Report by SPH (aka lim bei)

Time of incident: 1600 hours
Location: Lot 1 KFC
Victim cannot be named as to protect the staff's identity... so victim will be called "wtf-ed"

wtf-ed entered the KFC. He ordered shrooms meal ($2.55) plus a drink upsize ($0.30). Staff pressed the button: SCREEN SAYS $3.25

WTF? First response by wtf-ed.

"Why so ex? Did you check what you pressed?" wtf-ed said
"Correct what..." staff said
"Impossible. Call your manager out!"
Ok. Then the staff give a black face. Manager came out. I explained to her about the price. Then confirm $2.85. Yeah...

Then the staff said "sorry ah"... take drink then say again "sorry lah"... take shrooms burger out and say again "sorry lah"... take whipped potato out and then say again "sorry lah"...

wtf-ed was pissed. Gave $5.85. In the end the staff said, "Here's your $2, sorry lah"
"WHOA KAO BUAY PISSED JIU MATI LIAOZ" OMG. Did KFC management hire staff with minimum arthemetric skills? $5.85 minus $2.85 = $2?! OK. Asked her back for $1 more... ok. Buay song gone liaoz

---

As the world is celebrating...

My soul drifted away from the crowd...

Living in seclusion

Cornered in an area

Veins bursting

Heart breaking

Joints sliding away

All I wished for in my life...

Not money

Not rewards

Not accomplishments

But YOU!

S-O-S Hotline, anyone?

Financial Crisis...

Used up all my savings le... WTF.

ARGH. Start from zero. Wanted a water reservoir bag + footboard. Total: $ 60 approx.

From now can only see things but cannot buy... haiz.

ZERO

ZERO. Whole cohort only got one person got ZERO for constructing sentences for HCL Test...
The person is ...
ME! WTF!

Looked at my sentences... dont make sense though. Why did I write such wrong sentences? Am I sleeping during the test? What happened to ME? world crashes in my mind

Other than that... A Maths test today rather ok. Mastered handstand but unstable. sucks.

Am I Evil?

I saw a gal dropping money, but nv bothered to pick up to return to her...
The worst part is... I see it drop, I just walk past.

Yeah I suppose I am evil. Thanks to such people around in the world I lost my PDA in Nov last year. And is this my revenge?

I feel that I am not a gentleman. There's a devil in my heart. Shine the devil, kill the devil. Get rid of the devil. That's what I want, devil.

Anyway this morning had my SS test. Spent 45 mins perfecting my essay to a 25/25 style. Hope I can get that kind of marks. Then I stared at the clock... 08:25. Stared at the SBQ Ques... Dont feel like doing... so do slow slow... then suddenly... teacher said 10 more mins... I looked at the bloody clock... NAR BEI. WTF! DID I DREAM OR WHAT JUST NOW? It's 09:00. HELL MAN! CHIONG LIKE SIAO.... Think kena minus 3 marks like that... Does it mean I will get above 40 out of 50 at least? I dont dare to say...

Concentrate on HCL and History tomorrow... WAH SIANZ. both subs also must memorise...

AND btw wanna know how I tackle my essay questions (Growth of nations: Social Cohesion)... There goes...
1. Write "F*** OFF! PAPER SO KAM LAN" on a paper.
2. Imagine Muslims eat pork, then got riot.
3. Now you got the damned idea, time to get your pen out.
4. Before writing, make sure you write on the correct piece of paper... dont kena caught by teacher.
5. Flood the paper with your crap!
6. Conclusion talk cock about why this is obese, others are underweight etc...
7. Done. Remember to spit at the paper...

SERIOUS. I DID THIS ON MY PAPER JUST NOW. YEAH MAN =P

Social Studies tomorrow...

AND yet I am feeling super weak...

Had high fever yesterday. Popped a hell lot of drugs... this morning woke up so weak. So feeble that I had been stuck on bed for 40 hours since the day before at 11pm. Finally managed to get up... but suddenly got headache... haiz...

Then chiong my SS...

Need notes? I quoted some from a blog... for your convenience, I posted them here...

Birth Of Nations: Singapore

Harmony And Discord: Countries Divided

Conflict and Co-operation: Conflicts Among Countries

Conflict and Co-operation: Diplomacy and Deterrence

Growth Of Nations

Growth Of Nations

SINGAPORE’S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Labor-Intensive Industries (1960s – Late 1970s)

Open to Multinational Companies
- Welcoming of investment and setting up of companies by MNCs

Incentives to Attract Foreign Investors
- Economic Development Board (EDB) visited 2000 companies overseas
- Cheap labor
- Pioneer Certificates were offered toe industries that manufactured new products not previously made in Singapore, or not produced in sufficient quantities
- Exemption from the standard 40% tax for 5 years or more
- Training subsidies and duty-free imports
- Government stability

Industrial Peace
- Labor law passed in 1968 to maintain industrial peace

Labor Costs and Working Conditions
- National Trade Union Congress (NTUC) formed as a federation of trade unions
- Its role being to improve the working conditions of workers and to promote good working relationship between the workers and employers
- Provision of training opportunities for skill-upgrading
- Labor law increased working hours and reduced public holidays
- Labor cost was cut down by reducing worker benefits
- National Wage Council made recommendations on wage

Technical Education and Skills Training
- Training institutes were established, often with the help of other developed countries
- Technical education was introduced in schools

Location of Industries
- Careful urban planning to fully utilize limited land space

Transport and Communication
- Transportation network improved
- Singapore became a major telecommunications center

Banking and Financial Services
- Development Bank of Singapore set up
- Foreign banks set up branches in Singapore

Industrial Restructing (Late 1970s – 1980s)

Serious Labor Shortage
- Small labor pool
- Foreigners were allowed to work in Singapore, mostly in unskilled sectors

Competition from Other Countries
- Many developing countries are also industrializing
- Other countries had a large population and hence labor cost is kept even lower
- Singapore’s productivity was lower than Taiwan and Hong Kong

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

Higher Wages
- Mechanization, automate, computerize as a result of higher wages

Productivity Campaigns
- Advertisements and commercials

Change of focus in Education and Skills Training
- New industrial training institutes were jointly set up by the government
- Engineering intake was increased

Increased Emphasis on Research and Development
- Establishment of Singapore Science Park
- Tax incentives are given to manufacturing firms involved in Research and Development
- Funds provided to local companies for R&D

New and Better Industrial Facilities
- Wafer fabrication parks in various places
- Upgrading of buildings and infrastructure in older industrial estates
- JTC building of special industrial buildings and facilities

Better Support Services
- Changi Airport
- MRT
- Telecommunication links of Singapore upgraded annually
- Other support services (banking, advertising)

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

EDUCATION IN SINGAPORE

Meeting the Needs of a Young Nation

Providing a place for every child
- more schools were built

Building national loyalty
- daily flag-raising
- pledge-taking ceremony

Fostering social cohesion
- textbooks loaned to needy pupils
- common examination
- integrated school system
- bilingualism was made compulsory
- emphasis on the importance of uniformed groups
- extra-curricular activities

Preparing for economic development
- moving away from entrepot trade to manufacturing
- introduction of technical education
- Singapore Polytechnic and Ngee Ann Technical College expansion
- Engineering courses were introduced

Improving the Quality of Education

Streaming
- to prevent education wastage
- gifted education program

Teaching moral values
- moral education program introduced
- religious knowledge removed from syllabus
- emphasis on shared values

Encouraging creativity
- schools were given more autonomy
- double-session schools were converted to single-session
- establishment of independent schools
- establishment of autonomous schools

Preparing for the Challenges of the 21st Century

Promoting Critical and Creative Thinking
- Project work

Using Information Technology
- In teaching and learning

Introducing National Education
- Maintenance of social cohesion
- Introduction of Community Involvement Programs

Developing Talents
- Special elective programs in secondary schools and junior colleges

Compulsory Primary Education
- With effect from 2003

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

EDUCATION IN SWITZERLAND

Vocational Training
- A choice between attending university or attending vocational training schools
- Apprenticeship
- Continued Education at university level

School culture that reflects social values
- Students participate in decision making

Bilingual policy
- German and a minority language
- To promote understanding among different language groups

Social Education
- Cultural education to inculcate a sense of loyalty to country
- Community Service

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN SINGAPORE

Issues in Health Care Services

Self-reliance
- Medisave and Medishield schemes

Medical care for the Lower-Income Group
- Class C wards
- Medifund Scheme

Medical care for Senior Citizens
- many helping hands approach (community hospitals, nursing homes, day care centers)
- provision of grants to voluntary welfare organization
- MOH’s disease prevention and health education programs

Healthy Lifestyle
- National Healthy Lifestyle Campaign
- ACES day
- Health exhibitions and advertisements

THE WELFARE STATE OF BRITAIN

Means of Achieving the Welfare State

Nationalization of Utilities and Industries
- Taking over of the management of public utilities by the British government
- Running of these industries to ensure affordable service and population welfare

Provision of Social Welfare
- Payment of welfare benefits to poor citizens to help meet daily expenses

Provision of Health and Medical Care
- National Health Service to provide free medical etc. treatments
- Money for the services to be provided by taxes and worker insurance payments

Problems of the Welfare State

Low Efficiency
- Profit making was not a consideration for workers in government-owned companies
- Companies operated at a loss
- Large amounts of money from the government had to be channeled to prevent bankruptcy
- Inadequate numbers of health workers to provide for the large numbers of patients
- Well-off patients chose the private wards
- Poor people had to wait for a long time for wards under the NHS due to the large demand for non-urgent treatments

Increase in Government Spending
- Doctors freely used medical treatment with no consideration for costs
- Large numbers of patients demanding free medical care

The ‘Why Work’ Attitude
- Indifferent attitude towards works and personal responsibility
- Little or no motivation for the poor to work

Businesses Driven Away
- Heavy taxes resulting in low motivation to invest in the country

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

SINGAPORE’S POPULATION GROWTH

Problems of Rapid Population Growth
- Insufficient housing
- Shortage of health care
- Shortage of education services

Policies to Reduce Population Growth
- Encouraging the use of contraceptives
- Legalizing abortion
- Singapore Family Planning
- Incentives and measurements

Reasons for Slow Population Growth
- Parents being reluctant to have many children
- Satisfaction of a career
- Education
- Marrying at a later age
- High cost of living

Problems of Slow Population Growth
- Hindering of Singapore’s development
- Shortage of manpower
- Strain on economically active population due to high taxes
- Less people available to defend the country
- Aging population

Policies to Increase Population Growth
- Promoting larger families by providing incentives and the likes
- Attracting foreign talent

Senior Citizens as Assets to Society
- Mentors
- Helping out in welfare organizations
- Advisers for companies
- Providing care for grandchildren
- Back to Work Programs
- Retirement extension
- Growth of industry catered to the senior citizens

Impact of Aging Population
- High demand for health care and social services
- High demand for special facilities
- Strain on working people due to high taxes

Preparing for an Aging Population
- ‘Many helping hands’ approach (community, individual, family)
- Individual Responsibility
- Family Care
- Community Help
- Government Support

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

PUBLIC HOUSING IN SINGAPORE

Solving the housing crisis
- five-year plans
- resettlement

Maximizing land use
- high-density apartment blocks

Building self-contained towns
- to prevent traffic congestion at the CBD

Encouraging home ownership
- to inculcate a sense of pride and belonging
- financial security
- motivation to work hard
- peace

Promoting social cohesion
- bringing the different races together
- meeting the needs of the different income groups
- building a sense of belonging in the community

Planning ahead
- meeting the needs of single citizens
- meeting the needs of senior citizens
- renewing older estates

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

Pissed off le... Yawnz...

Conflict and Co-operation: Diplomacy and Deterrence

Diplomacy

As a means of Resolving Disagreements
- Differences settled peacefully without violence or force
- Other countries can be called in for help in resolving issues

As a means of International Cooperation
- Providing assistance and transfer of knowledge and skills
- Solve common problems such as smuggling
- International boycott and the likes

Types of Diplomatic Relations

Bilateral Relations (Transfer of technology and skills from Germany)

Regional Relations (ASEAN)
- To promote economic, social and cultural development of the region
- Protect the peace and stability of the region
- Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve such differences peacefully

International Relations (UN)
- Providing help to countries in need
- Giving a voice to every member country
- Safeguarding peace and stability

---------------

Singapore and Deterrence

Citizen Armed Force
- National Service established
- Able-bodied men from the age of 18 are to attend National Service

Total Defence
- Psychological
- Economic
- Social
- Military
- Civil

Singapore’s Defence Industry
- Research and Development
- Continuous upgrading of machinery

Military Cooperation
- Training and interaction with armed forces of participating countries

Bilateral Defense Exercises and Training
- Bilateral exercises conducted with Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, India and the United States
- The RSAF set up a new training facility in Queensland, Australia

Mulilateral Defence Exercises
- Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA)
- Members are Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain

Conflict and Co-operation: Conflicts Among Countries

Conflict over Fishing Grounds

Early 1970s
- Decrease of fish stocks around Iceland
- Iceland referred matter to UN Conference on the Law of the Sea
- Suggestions consisted of disallowing fishermen to fish in the breeding grounds and rotating preservation areas
- Most of the suggestions were ignored

1975
- Iceland extended its zone of control of the fishing grounds
- Britain refused to recognize the extended area and continued to fish there
- Frequent collisions between Brtain’s frigates and the Icelandic Coast Guard

1976
- Iceland broke off diplomatic ties with Britain
- Iceland and Britain signed an agreement to resolve their conflict (200 nautical mile zone off-limit to British trawlers)

Conflict over Water Supplies

1940s
- Jordan and Israel started water development programs

1950s
- Israel built the National Water Carrier
- Border clashes between Jordan and Israel due to decreased water supply for Jordan

1967
- Arab-Israeli War
- Israel occupied Golan Heights (gaining control of the Upper Jordan River and a large portion of the Yarmouk River)
- Shortage of water in Jordan became worse
- Jordan’s attempt at building a storage system was also obstructed by Israel

1994
- Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty

--------------------

Conflict Between Democracy and Communism

Aug 1945
- Japan was defeated
- Korea divided into two parts at 38th parallel

1947
- North Korea become the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

1948
- South Korea became the Republic of Korea

1949
- Soviet and American troops left Korea

1949-50
- Border clashes between North and South Korea

June 1950
- North Korea invaded South Korea
- UN troops assisted South Korean and defeated North Korea

Oct 1950
- UN troops reached the Yalu River
- China joined in the war

Jan 1951
- Chinese troops pushed UN troops back into South Korea

June 1951
- UN counter-attack pushed the Chinese and North Koreans back behind the 38th parallel

1953
- An agreement to stop the fighting was signed by all parties

--------------------

Conflict over Border

1947
- India gains independence from Britain

Late 1950s
- China contested India’s presence along several localities along border (Aksai Chin Plateau and the North East Frontier Agency NEFA)

1958
- China announced the building of Aksai Chin Road

1959
- Rising tension between India and China

Mid 1961s
- China occupied more territories which India regarded as its own

1962
- War between India and China

Harmony And Discord: Countries Divided

SRI-LANKA

Citizenship Rights
- Many Tamils working in the tea plantations in Sri-Lanka were stateless
- Denied the basic right of voting
- Certain Tamils to be allowed back to India while others to be granted citizenship
- Agreement with India not carried out in full; many Tamils still stateless

Jobs in Government Service
- Language of Administration was solely Sinhalese
- English-speaking Tamils were given 3 years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed
- Tamils unable to secure jobs or be promoted
- Tamil made an official language
- Still not widely used though

University Admission
- Number of Sinhalese in university was not proportionate to population
- University admission criteria made so that it was harder for Tamils to enter university

Resettlement of Population
- Resettlement of poor Sinhalese peasants
- Tamils unhappy that Buddhist monks and members of the Sri-Lankan Army (largely Sinhalese) also gained access to their land

Consequences

Armed Conflict
- Tamily United Liberation Front (TULF) fpr independent state of Tamil Eelam
- Refused, the militant group of Liberation Tigers of Tamily Eelam (LTTE) was established
- Anti-Tamil riots encouraged by largely-Sinhalese Sri-Lankan Army

Unemployment
- Many breadwinners were killed
- Businesses and establishments were vandalized
- and burnt

Loss of Investments from Other Countries
- Loss of investment confidence

Fall in Number of Tourists
- Lack of safety
- Leading to less government income to develop amenities for the people

Foreign Intervention
- Indian dialogue failed as both sides cannot come to an agreement
- Peacekeeping troupe was withdrawn as clashes occurred between them and the Tamil Tigers


-----------------

NORTHERN IRELAND

The Protestant-Catholic Tension

Divided Loyalties
- Many Protestants see themselves as British
- Protestants wish for the country to be part of the United Kingdom
- Catholics see themselves as Irish
- Embrace the idea of reunification with Ireland

The Education System
- Public schools for Protestants
- Taught British history
- Private schools partly funded by the government cater to Catholics
- Taught Irish history and tend to regard British as a foreign country

Employment
- Catholics were given less opportunity
- Catholic males tend to be 2.5 times more likely to be unemployed
- Few Catholics holding high positions in public and private sectors

Housing
- Members of the city councils were largely Protestants
- Protestants given priority in terms of housing
- Left many Catholics homeless

Voting
- Each household was given 2 votes
- Companies were given more, depending on their size
- Large companies owned by richer Protestants, hence more votes
- Voting districts were often drawn up to include large numbers of Protestants

Ways of Making Demands

- Civil Rights Movements emerged
- Made peaceful demands for basic rights
- Movement was met with hostility and violence
- The beginning of THE TROUBLES
- British Army’s intervention was welcomed by the Catholic
- Until they started searching their homes
- Catholics lost faith
- Turned to the Irish Republican Army (IRA)
- BLOODY SUNDAY

Birth Of Nations: Singapore

British Reluctance to Grant Independence

Communist Threat
- Communism is influential among Singapore Chinese
- Demonstrations, strikes were common

Defense of British Interests
- British Naval Base in Singapore
- Protection of British trade

Economy
- Singapore’s ability to survive was doubted
- Lack of natural resources

----------------

Reasons for Merger and Points of Discussion

Communist Threat
- Malaysia was anti-communist and did not want a communist neighbor
- Tunku Abdul Rahman was afraid of the communists using Singapore as a base for communist activities
- PAP showed internal weakness by losing elections to the Barisan Sosialis

Common Market
- Free trade without tax
- Provision of employment
- Singapore to increase contribution to Kuala Lumpur from 39% to 40%
- Malaysia saw Singapore as a competitor and was reluctant

Pioneer Certificates
- To be provided to new industries
- Tax-free 5 to 10 years

Borneo Loan
- Malaysia wants Singapore to give M$50 million as an outright gift
- M$150 million as loan to be repaid in 15 years.
- First M$100 million tax-free
- 50% of the labor used in Sabah and Sarawak to come from Singapore

Constitutional Matters
- 24 seats given to Singapore
- Reduction to 15 seats due to autonomy in labor and education

Citizenship
- Singaporeans to maintain Singapore citizenship while becoming Malaysian nationals
- Both sides could not participate in local voting

Malay Rights
- Both sides agreed that Malay privileges in Malaya would not be extended to Malays in Singapore
- Malays in Singapore given free education up to university level

External Pressures

The Philippines
- Saw Sabah as part of its territory
- Broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia

Indonesia
- Saw merger as an attempt by the British to maintain its power in South East Asia
- Rejected UN survey of people in Sabah and Sarawak
- The Confrontation

----------------

Trouble in Malaysia

The 1963 Singapore General Election
- Singapore Alliance (SA) told PAP not to contest in regions where it was contesting
- Wanted to have a hand in governing Singapore
- PAP disagreed
- SA did not win a single seat
- SUMNO lost 3 predominantly Malay constituencies to PAP

1964 Federal Election
- PAP called for a non-communal approach in Malaysian politics
- PAP criticized the MCA as a poor representative of urban Chinese in Malaysia
- Criticism made SA more united
- PAP won only one seat by Devan Nair in the Bungsar Constituency near Kuala Lumpur

Communal Problems
- UMNO leaders played on communal politics
- Insisted that PAP’s relocation program was anti-Malay
- In actual fact out of the 2500 affected, only 200 were Malays
- The only building not pulled down was the Fatimah Mosque
- UMNO organized meeting before PAP’s meeting on July 19th 1964

Utusan Melayu
- Jawi script familiar only to the Malays
- Anti-PAP campaign held in print

Race Riots
- Prophet Muhammad’s birthday celebration
- Fight broke out between a Chinese policemen and a group of Malays
- July 21st 1964
- Curfew was implemented
- Riots occurred again in September

Malaysian Solidarity Convention
- Alliance Party announced re-organization of SA branches in Singapore
- PAP formed Malaysian Solidarity Convention
- Approach was for a ‘Malaysian Malay’
- Seen as direct attack on Malay rights and privileges and the communal politics of UMNO

Few Pioneer Certificates
- Out of the 69 applicants, only 2 were approved
- One was rejected due to the numerous restrictions

No Common Market
- Singapore goods were more heavily taxed
- Foreign investors were given attractive financial packages

Proposed Increase in Singapore’s Contribution
- A rise from the current 40% to 60%

Closing of the Bank of China
- On the grounds that the funds were allegedly given to the communists fighting in the jungles
- Bank of China an important part in promoting trade with China

Communism no longer a Threat
- Many communists leaders were detained under ‘Operation Cold Store’ in February 1963